Diffusion and Adsorption Characteristics of Crude Oil-Contaminated Silty Clay Soil Stabilised with Freshwater Limpet Shell Ash and Cement Combination
Abstract
The diffusion of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) pollutants to groundwater at crude oil-contaminated sites in Nigeria's Niger Delta is a problem that severely affects drinking water. But the inclusion of cementitious materials will reduce the diffusion rate to groundwater. This study analyses the Effective Diffusion Coefficient (EDC)/Tortuosity Factor (TF) and Retardation Factor (Rd) of Crude Oil-Contaminated Soils (COCS) stabilised with Freshwater limpet shell ash and cement combination (FWLSA-C). Uncontaminated soils were sampled at a depth of 1.0 m and mixed with 0, 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20% of crude oil by weight to produce artificially contaminated soils. Freshwater limpet shells were sourced from the Esaman River, Delta State, calcined to ash at 887°C for four hours and ground to powder. The ash oxide content was determined with X-ray fluorescence. The soil samples were mixed with different amounts of cement and ash. The combinations were: 0% cement and 0% ash, 5% cement with 2% ash, 5% cement with 3% ash, 5% cement with 5% ash, 5% cement with 10% ash, 5% cement with 15% ash, and 5% cement with 20% ash. The EDC/TF and Rd were determined using standard methods. The EDC/TF and Rd for 0% COCS without FWLSA-C were 0.00 m2/s/0.00 and 0.00; 20% COCS without FWLSA-C were 2.06E-10 m2/s/7.09E-02 and 11.64; and the average of 9.31E-11 m2/s/6.92E-02 and 28.49 by adding the FWLSA-C. The FWLSA-C reduced the EDC/TF from 2.06E-10 to 3.50E-11 m2/s/7.09E-02 to 6.66E-02 and increased Rd from 11.64 to 40.16, respectively. Therefore, this study revealed that freshwater limpet shell ash and cement combination (FWLSA-C) will slow the diffusion rate of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) contaminants to groundwater in crude oil-contaminated sites within the Niger Delta in Nigeria.
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