Evaluation of Physicochemical Parameters and Water Quality Index (WQI) in Green River, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Keywords:
Physicochemical Parameters, Water Quality Index (WQI), Green River, Risk assessments, Hazard quotient
Abstract
This study evaluated the physicochemical parameters and Water Quality Index (WQI) of the Green River in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, across wet and dry seasons to determine its suitability for domestic and agricultural use. Physicochemical parameters including pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient concentrations were analyzed following WHO and Nigerian Industrial Standards. Results indicated significant seasonal variations, with acidic pH values (4.38–6.61) and consistently low dissolved oxygen (<5 mg/L), suggesting ecological stress. Elevated phosphate levels (up to 6.06 mg/L) indicated potential eutrophication, while chloride and conductivity values reflected anthropogenic influence. The WQI values varied from 41.1 to 65.1, with December showing the highest water quality and March the lowest, WQI values classified the river water as ranging from poor to very poor, particularly during the dry season. Furthermore, heavy metal risk assessments revealed concerning hazard quotients and cancer risk values for cadmium, lead, and arsenic. The findings highlight the urgent need for improved environmental management and pollution mitigation strategies to safeguard water quality and human health.
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Mgbenu, C. N., & Egbueri, J. C. (2019). The hydrogeochemical signatures, quality indices and health risk assessment of water resources in Umunya district, southeast Nigeria. Applied Water Science, 9(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-0900-5
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Obadimu, C. O., Ekwere, I. O., Shaibu, S. E., & Adewusi, S. G. (2025). Heavy Metal Contamination in Nwaniba River: A Machine Learning-Driven Ecosystem Analysis. Asian Journal of Science and Technology, 16(5), 13675-13681.
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Romanus, A. A., Justus, F. I., Ifeoma, O. G., & Helen, O. (2018). Seasonal Variations in the Physicochemical Parameters of Ikpoba River Water Samples. International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research, 4(3), 1810–1821. https://doi.org/10.21276/ijlssr.2018.4.3.12
Shaibu, S. E., Effiom, A. O., Essien, N. S., Archibong, E. S., Iboutenang, N. D., Effiong, A. I., Asukwo, H. O., David, B. A., Effiong, F. I., Ekpo, C., Akpabio, I. F., Simon, S. E., & Eyo, G. A. (2024). Evaluating Groundwater Safety: Heavy Metal Contamination of Selected Boreholes across Uyo Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR), 9(3), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2493.033
Svm, M., Neural, A., Ann, N., Najwa, N., Rizal, M., Hayder, G., Mnzool, M., Elnaim, B. M. E., Omer, A., Mohammed, Y., & Khayyat, M. M. (2022). Water Quality Prediction.
Tyagi, S., Sharma, B., Singh, P., & Dobhal, R. (2020). Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index. American Journal of Water Resources, 1(3), 34–38. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajwr-1-3-3
Udousoro, I., & Umoren, I. (2014). Assessment of Surface and Ground Water Quality of Uruan in Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 4(6), 11–27.
Xie, Z., Li, W., Yang, K., Wang, X., Xiong, S., & Zhang, X. (2024). Bacterial and Archaeal Communities in Erhai Lake Sediments: Abundance and Metabolic Insight into a Plateau Lake at the Edge of Eutrophication. Microorganisms, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081617
Adjovu, G. E., Stephen, H., & Ahmad, S. (2023). Spatiotemporal Variability in Total Dissolved Solids and Total Suspended Solids along the Colorado River. Hydrology, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10060125
Adjovu, G., Stephen, H., James, D., & Ahmad, S. (2023). Measurement of total dissolved solids and total suspended solids in water systems. Remote Sensing, 15(14), 1–43.
Akpan, N. A. (2024). Human Health Risk Assessment of Some Trace Metals through Fish Consumption from Qua Iboe River, Oruk Anam, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology, 23(5), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i5544
Akpan, N. A., Udombeh, R. B., Ukpong, M. B., & Udosen, I. E. (2024). Impacts of human activities on trace metals of Qua Iboe River, Ikot Ekpene Stretch, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 11(01), 2120–2128.
Aleem Muhammad, Shun, C. J., Li, C., Aslam, A. M., Yang, W., Nawaz, M. I., Ahmed, W. S., & Buttar, N. A. (2018). Evaluation of groundwater quality in the vicinity of Khurrianwala industrial zone, Pakistan. Water (Switzerland), 10(10), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10101321
Awogbami, S. O., Solomon, O. A., Sawyerr, H. O., & Raimi, M. O. (2023). Comparative Assessment of Seasonal Variations in the Quality of Surface Water and Its Associated Health Hazards in Gold Mining Areas of Osun State, South-West Nigeria. Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research, 04(01), 1–61. https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2301011
Ayek, A. A., & Zerouali, B. (2025). Monitoring temporal changes of the Qattinah Lake surface area using Landsat data and Google Earth Engine. 6, 126–133. https://doi.org/10.30493/DAS.2024.476854
Choramin, M., Safaei, A., Khajavi, S., Hamid, H., & Abozari, S. (2015). Analyzing and studding chemical water quality parameters and its changes on the base of Schuler, Wilcox and Piper diagrams (project: Bahamanshir River). WALIA Journal, 31(S4), 22–27.
Hussein Farh, H. M., Ben Seghier, M. E. A., Taiwo, R., & Zayed, T. (2023). Analysis and ranking of corrosion causes for water pipelines: a critical review. NPJ Clean Water, 6(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-023-00275-5
Ibuotenang, N. D., Adigun, P. O., Shaibu, S. E., Ofon, U. A., Opeyemi, K., & Awofisayo, O. A. (2025). Pharmaceuticals in drinking water: assessing human exposure and environmental contamination. Asian Journal of Science and Technology, 16(2), 13449-13457.
Ighalo, J. O., & Adeniyi, A. G. (2020). A comprehensive review of water quality monitoring and assessment in Nigeria. Chemosphere, 260, 127569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127569
Ikpi, G. E., Nganje, T. N., Edet, A., Adamu, C. I., & Eyong, G. A. (2024). Investigation of hydrochemical characteristic, water quality and associated health risks of metals and metalloids in water resources in the vicinity of Akamkpa quarry district, southeastern, Nigeria. Geochemical Transactions, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12932-024-00090-y
Inam, E., Offiong, N. A., Essien, J., Kang, S., Kang, S. Y., & Antia, B. (2015). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons loads and potential risks in freshwater ecosystem of the Ikpa River Basin, Niger Delta—Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-5038-9
Inam, E., Inoh, G. G., Offiong, N. O., & Etim, B. B. (2017). Physicochemical characteristics and health risk assessment of drinking water sources in Okoroette Community, Eastern Coast of Nigeria. American Journal of Water Resources, 5(1), 13-23.
Inam, E. J., Nwoke, I. B., Udosen, E. D., & Offiong, N. A. O. (2019). Ecological risks of phenolic endocrine disrupting compounds in an urban tropical river. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(21), 21589-21597.
Jehanzaib, M., Ajmal, M., & Achite, M. (2022). Comprehensive Review: Advancements in Rainfall-Runoff Modelling for Flood Mitigation. Climate, 10(10), 147.
Khan, M. H. R. B., Ahsan, A., Imteaz, M., Shafiquzzaman, M., & Al-Ansari, N. (2023). Evaluation of the surface water quality using global water quality index (WQI) models: perspective of river water pollution. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-47137-1
Kumar, A., & Bhattacharya, T. (2021). Biochar: a sustainable solution. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(5), 6642–6680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00970-0
Lan, J., Liu, P., Hu, X., & Zhu, S. (2024). Harmful Algal Blooms in Eutrophic Marine Environments: Causes, Monitoring, and Treatment. Water (Switzerland), 16(17), 1–64. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172525
Liu, L., Zheng, X., Wei, X., Kai, Z., & Xu, Y. (2021). Excessive application of chemical fertilizer and organophosphorus pesticides induced total phosphorus loss from planting causing surface water eutrophication. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02521-7
Lyashenko, V., Khomenko, O., Chekushina, T., Topolnij, F., & Dudar, T. (2020). Assessment of environmental and resource-saving technologies and technical means for processing and disposal of man-made formations and waste. Technology Audit and Production Reserves, 4/3(54), 21-28.
Meher, H., Behera, P. K., Panda, S. N., & Sarangi, A. K. (2019). Assessment of Ground Water Quality for Rural Areas of Paradeep-City. Water and Energy International, 62(4), 52–60.
Mgbenu, C. N., & Egbueri, J. C. (2019). The hydrogeochemical signatures, quality indices and health risk assessment of water resources in Umunya district, southeast Nigeria. Applied Water Science, 9(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-0900-5
Migaszewski, Z. M., Gałuszka, A., & Dołęgowska, S. (2018). Stable isotope geochemistry of acid mine drainage from the Wiśniówka area (south-central Poland). Applied Geochemistry, 95(December 2017), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.05.015
Moses, E. A., Akpan, D. J., & Shaibu, S. E. (2023). Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Water Samples From Nwaniba River, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 47(6). https://doi.org/10.46602/jcsn.v47i6.835
Netto, L. G., Guimarães, C. C., Barbosa, A. M., & Gandolfo, O. C. B. (2024). Investigation of the contamination behavior in water and soil of an inactive dump from chemical analysis and geophysical method. Discover Geoscience, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00010-8
Obadimu, C.O., Ekwere, I. O., Shaibu, S. E., Essien, U. B., Adelagun, R. O. A., & Adewusi, S. G. (2025). Application of Machine Learning Framework on Heavy Metals Fate in the Coastal Environment. International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science, 12(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0403.1201003
Obadimu, C. O., Ekwere, I. O., Shaibu, S. E., & Adewusi, S. G. (2025). Heavy Metal Contamination in Nwaniba River: A Machine Learning-Driven Ecosystem Analysis. Asian Journal of Science and Technology, 16(5), 13675-13681.
Obadimu, C. O., Ekwere, I. O., Shaibu, S. E., Ben, U. U., Nnamso, D., Adelagun, R. O. A., & Adewusi, S. G. (2025). Heavy Metal distribution in water, sediment and some benthic organisms in Nwaniba River of Akwaibom State. International Journal of Development Research, 15, 68134–68140.
Ofon, U. A., Shaibu, S. E., Ndubuisi-Nnaji, U. U., Inam, E. J., Okop, I. J., Enin, G. N., ... & Ibuotenang, N. D. (2022). Bio-and chemical surfactants for remediation of emerging organic contaminants. In Emerging Contaminants in the Terrestrial-Aquatic-Atmosphere Continuum (pp. 367-380). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90051-5.00023-7
Okon, S. U., Atakpa, E. O., & Ewa-oboho, I. T. A. (2019). Spatial and seasonal characteristics of heavy metals in Ikpa River , Niger Delta - Nigeria. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 7(2), 193–199.
Onisogen Simeon, E., Ben Smith Idomo, K., & Chioma, F. (2019). Physicochemical Characteristics of Surface Water and Sediment of Silver River, Southern Ijaw, Bayelsa State, Niger Delta, Nigeria. American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 3(2), 39. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20190302.12
Ram, A., Tiwari, S. K., Pandey, H. K., Chaurasia, A. K., Singh, S., & Singh, Y. V. (2021). Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index (WQI) under GIS framework. Applied Water Science, 11(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01376-7
Romanus, A. A., Justus, F. I., Ifeoma, O. G., & Helen, O. (2018). Seasonal Variations in the Physicochemical Parameters of Ikpoba River Water Samples. International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research, 4(3), 1810–1821. https://doi.org/10.21276/ijlssr.2018.4.3.12
Shaibu, S. E., Effiom, A. O., Essien, N. S., Archibong, E. S., Iboutenang, N. D., Effiong, A. I., Asukwo, H. O., David, B. A., Effiong, F. I., Ekpo, C., Akpabio, I. F., Simon, S. E., & Eyo, G. A. (2024). Evaluating Groundwater Safety: Heavy Metal Contamination of Selected Boreholes across Uyo Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR), 9(3), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2493.033
Svm, M., Neural, A., Ann, N., Najwa, N., Rizal, M., Hayder, G., Mnzool, M., Elnaim, B. M. E., Omer, A., Mohammed, Y., & Khayyat, M. M. (2022). Water Quality Prediction.
Tyagi, S., Sharma, B., Singh, P., & Dobhal, R. (2020). Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index. American Journal of Water Resources, 1(3), 34–38. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajwr-1-3-3
Udousoro, I., & Umoren, I. (2014). Assessment of Surface and Ground Water Quality of Uruan in Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 4(6), 11–27.
Xie, Z., Li, W., Yang, K., Wang, X., Xiong, S., & Zhang, X. (2024). Bacterial and Archaeal Communities in Erhai Lake Sediments: Abundance and Metabolic Insight into a Plateau Lake at the Edge of Eutrophication. Microorganisms, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081617
Published
2025-12-19
How to Cite
Frederick, U. N., Friday, U. U., Solomon, S. E., & Inam, E. J. (2025). Evaluation of Physicochemical Parameters and Water Quality Index (WQI) in Green River, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. European Journal of Science, Innovation and Technology, 5(5), 131-143. Retrieved from https://ejsit-journal.com/index.php/ejsit/article/view/722
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Copyright (c) 2025 Udoh Nkpouto Frederick, Udotong Uduak Friday, Shaibu Eneojo Solomon, Edu James Inam
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