Ecological Risks of Heavy Metals Found in Soils at Informal E-Waste Processing Sites in Nigeria
Keywords:
heavy metals, ecological risk assessment, e-waste, Alaba international Market, soil contamination
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the levels of six heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni) in surface soils collected from five informal e-waste processing sites at Alaba International Market Lagos State. A total of 25 soil samples from distinct locations were analyzed for these metals following digestion through standard methods, subsequently estimating their ecological risks. Concentration ranges of heavy metals (mg/kg) in e-waste processing site soils were: Zn (148–12852) > Cu (24.1–23174) > Pb (18.5–8611) > Ni (12.0–158) > Cr (6.5–36.8) > Cd (0.5–37.1), distinct from reference soils' metal ranges: Ni (10.2–11.6), Zn (8.8–11.5), Pb (7.5–10.6), Cu (4.8–12.7), Cr (0.2–11.8), Cd (1.01–2.10). Heavy metal concentrations in e-waste site soils significantly exceeded control levels. Elevated concentrations, except for Cd in S3, were observed in S2, S3, and S5 compared to S1 and S4. Ecological risk index demonstrated higher risk in S3 than S2, and geo-accumulation index identified extreme pollution in S2, S3, and S4. The study also revealed strong positive linear relationships among specific heavy metals, implying potential co-exposure risks. This highlights the need for the comprehensive development of effective remediation strategies to mitigate the release of heavy metals from informal e-waste processing sites at the Alaba International Market to prevent them from risking Nigeria’s environment.
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[10] Otache MY, Musa JJ, Animashaun IM, Oji DM. 2014. Evaluation of the Effects of Electronic Waste on Topsoil and Groundwater. International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research. 3:3469-347.
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[15] Huo X, Peng L, Xu X, Zheng L, Qiu B, Qi Z, Zhang B, Han D, Piao Z. 2007. Elevated blood lead levels of children in Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling town in China. Environ Health Perspect. 115(7):1113-7. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1289/ehp.9697.
[16] Gawade A, Deshmukh P, Shivankar V, Gavali L. 2016. Analysis of Roadside Dust for Heavy Metal Pollutants in Navi Mumbai. International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences. 4(7):80–88.
[17] Owoso O, Osibanjo O, Nnorom IC. 2018. Assessment of heavy metal contents of end-of-life computer monitor cathode tubes and plastic casings. Journal of applied science and environmental management. 22(3):400-405.
[18] Alabi OA, Bakare AA, Xu X, et al. 2012. Comparative evaluation of environmental contamination and DNA damage induced by electronic-waste in Nigeria and China. Science of The Total Environment. 423:62-72. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.056
[19] Bankole AO. 2018. Heavy metal determination and ecological risk assessment of informal e-waste processing in Alaba international market, Lagos, Nigeria. [Ph.D. thesis]. University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
[20] Ouabo RE, Ogundiran MB, Sangodoyin AY, Babalola BA. 2019. Ecological risk and human health implications of heavy metals contamination of surface soil in e-waste recycling sites in Douala, Cameroun. J. Health Pollut. 9:190310.
[21] Moeckel C, Breivik K, Nøst TH, Sankoh A, Jones KC, Sweetman A. 2020. Soil pollution at a major West African E-waste recycling site: Contamination pathways and implications for potential mitigation strategies. Environment International. 137:105563. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105563
[22] Zhang J, Wu X, Guo H, Zheng X, Mai B. 2021. Pollution of plastic debris and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in soil from an abandoned e-waste recycling site: Do plastics contribute to (HFRs) in soil? Journal of Hazardous Materials. 410:124649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124649.
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[24] Liu L, Zhang B, Lin K, Zhang Y, Xu X, Huo X. 2018. Thyroid disruption and reduced mental development in children from an informal e-waste recycling area: a mediation analysis. Chemosphere. 193:498–505.
[25] Cai H, Xu X, Zhang Y, Cong X, Lu X, Huo X. 2019. Elevated lead levels from e-waste exposure are linked to sensory integration difficulties in preschool children. Neurotoxicology. 71:150–58.
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Published
2024-05-14
How to Cite
Bankole, A., Ogunkeyede, A., Ngo, H., Liang, L., Agboro, H., Isimekhai, K., Fadairo, E., Isangadighi, G., Isukuru, E., & Ogbodhu, C. (2024). Ecological Risks of Heavy Metals Found in Soils at Informal E-Waste Processing Sites in Nigeria. European Journal of Science, Innovation and Technology, 4(2), 417-434. Retrieved from https://ejsit-journal.com/index.php/ejsit/article/view/428
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Copyright (c) 2024 Adedoyin Bankole, Akinyemi Ogunkeyede, Hien Ngo, Li Liang, Harrison Agboro, Khadijah Isimekhai, Ekaette Fadairo, Gospel Isangadighi, Efe Isukuru, Charles Ogbodhu
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