Toxic Effects Assessment of Acute Cobalt Exposure on Stress Biomarkers Responses of Cyprinus carpio Intestine
Keywords:
Cyprinus carpio, cobalt, intestine, stress biomarkers
Abstract
The aim of the current study is to assess in the first time the toxic effects of acute chloride cobalt concentrations exposure (0(CT), 50 (D1), 500 (D2) µgL-1CoCl2) on stress biomarkers responses of Cyprinus carpio intestine during 3 days. Cobalt accumulation alters the lipids of intestine cells causing therefore lipid peroxidation objectified by significant increases of H2O2 and MDA levels in all treated groups. The cobalt toxicity induced the disruption of the total antioxidant capacity confirmed by decrease of FRAP levels. The activation of enzymatic and no-enzymatic antioxidants defense system was determined by increases of SOD, GPx activities and GST levels (1) and GSH and NPSH levels (2) in all carp treated groups. Similar MT’s induction recorded in our treatment suggested the better response of intestine cell against the cobalt toxicity.
References
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Beauchamp, C., & Fridovich, I. (1971). Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Analytic Biochemistry, 44(1), 276–287.
Benzie, I.F.F., & Strain, J. J. (1996). The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of “Antioxidant Power”: The FRAP Assay. Analytic Biochemistry, 239, 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292.
Beyene, D.H., & Berhe, B.G. (2015). The Level of Heavy Metals in Potable Water in Dowhan, Erop Wereda, Tigray, Ethiopia. Journal of Natural Science Research, 5(3), 190-194. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8867507.
Catelas, I., Petit, A., Vali, H., Fragiskatos, C., Meilleur, R., Zukor, D.J., Antoniou, J., & Huk, O.L. (2005). Quantitative analysis of macrophage apoptosis vs. necrosis induced by cobalt and chromium ions in vitro. Biomaterials, 26, 2441-2453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.08.004.
Cecchi, G., Basini, S., & Castano, C. (1985). Methanolyse rapide des huiles en solvant. Revue Française des corps gras, 4, 163-164.
Ćirković, M., Ljubojević, D., ĐorĊević, V., Novakov, N., Petronijević, R., Matekalo Sverak, V. & Trbović, D. (2012). The breed effect on productivity and meat nutrient compsition of fish. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 18, 775-780. https://doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2012.6383.
Clearwater, S., Baskin, S.J., Wood, C.M., & McDonald, D.G. (2000). Gastrointestinal uptake and distribution of copper in rainbow trout. Journal of Experimental Biology, 203, 2455–2466. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.16.2455.
Comhaire, S., Blust, R., Van Ginnken, L., Verbost, P.M., & Vanderborght, O.L.J. (1998). Branchial cobalt uptake in the carp Cyprinus carpio: Effect of calcium channels blockers and calcium injection. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 18, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007746117932.
Cotou, E., Tsangaris, C., & Henry, M. (2013). Comparative study of biochemical and immunological biomarkers in three marine bivalves exposed at a polluted site. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(3), 1812–1822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1150-3.
Davis, S.R., & Cousins, R.J. (2000). Metallothionein Expression in Animals: A Physiological Perspective on Function. The Journal of Nutrition, 130(5), 1085-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.5.1085.
De Boeck, M., Kirsch-Volders, M., & Lison, D. (2003). Cobalt and antimony: genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Mutation Research Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 533, 135–152.
Draper, H.H., & Hadley, M., 1990. Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation. Methods in Enzymology, 86, 421–431.
Eimers, R.D., Evans, R.D., & Welbourn, P.M. (2001). Cadmium accumulation in the fresh water isopod Asellus racovitzai: the relative importance of solute and particulate sources at trace concentrations. Environmental. Pollution, 111, 247-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00066-X.
FAO. (2009). Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Cultured Aquatic Species Fact Sheets. In M. Weimin, Département des pêches et de l’aquaculture de la FAO, Rome; c2009-2011a.
Flohe, L., & Gunzler, W.A. (1984). Assays of gluthathione peroxidase. Methods in Enzymolology, 105, 114-121.
Garoui, E.M., Fetoui, H., Makni, F.A, Boudawara, T., & Zeghal, N. (2011). Cobalt chloride induces hepatotoxicity in adult rats and their suckling pups. Experimenatal and Toxicologic Pathoology, 63, 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2009.09.003
Greani Menke, A. L., Spitsbergen, J. M., Wolterbeek, A. P. M., & Woutersen, R. A. (2011). Normal Anatomy and Histology of the Adult Zebrafish. Toxicologic Pathology, 39(5), 759-775. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192623311409597
Gueraud, F., Atalay, M., Bresgen, N., Cipak, A., Eckl, P. M., Huc, L., Jouanin, I., Siems, W., & Uchida, K. (2010). Chemistry and biochemistry of lipid peroxidation products. Free Radical Research, 44(10), 1098-1124. https://doi.org/10.3109/10715762.2010.498477.
Habig, WH., Pabst, M.J., & Jakoby, W.B. (1974). Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 249, 7130-7139.
Hasanein, S.S., Mourad, M.H., & Haredi, A.M.M. (2022). The health risk assessment of heavy metals to human health through the consumption of Tilapia spp. and catfish caught from Lake Mariut. Egypt Heliyon, 8(7), e09807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09807
Hassoun, E.A., Li, F., Abushaban, A., & Stohs, S.J. (2001). Production of superoxide anion, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in the hepatic and brain tissues of rats after subchronic exposure to mixture of TCDD and its congeners. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 21, 211–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.744.
Kubrak, O.I., Husak, V.V., Rovenko, B.M., Storey, J.M., Storey, K.B., & Lushchak, V.I. (2011). Cobalt-induced oxidative stress in brain, liver and kidney of goldfish Carassius auratus. Chemosphere, 85(6), 983-989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.078
Lowry, O., Rosebrough, N., Farr, A.L., & Randall, R. (1951). Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193, 265–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)52451-6.
Lushchak, O.V., Kubrak, O.I., Nykorak, M.Z., Storey, K.B., & Lushchak, V.I. (2008). The effect of potassium dichromate on free radical processes in goldfish: possible protective role of glutathione. Aquatic Toxicology, 87, 108–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.01.007.
Lushchak, V.I. (2011b). Environmentally induced oxidative stress in aquatic animals. Aquatic Toxicology, 101(1), 13-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.10.006.
Matias, A.C., Marinho, S.H., Enrique Herrero, L.C., & Antunes, F. (2011). Biphasic modulation of fatty acid synthase by hydrogen peroxide in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Archive of Biochemistry Biophysics, 515, 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2011.08.009.
Mijosek, T., Mariji, V.F., Dragun, Z., Ivankovi, D., Krasnici, N., Redzovi, Z., & Erk, M. (2021).Intestine of invasive fish Prussian carp as a target organ in metal exposure assessment of the wastewater impacted freshwater ecosystem. Ecological Indicators, 122, 107247-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107247.
Mozhdeganloo, Z., Moghadam Jafari, A., Koohi, M. K., & Heidarpour, M. (2016). Permethrin-induced oxidative damage in liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and its attenuation by vitamin. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 17(1-54), 31-35.
Ogunwole, G.A., Abiya, S.E., Amaeze, N.H., & Eze, C.T. (2021). Antioxidant markers in gills, liver and muscle tissue of the African Sharptooth Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to subchronic levels of Ibuprofen and Dibutyl phthalate. Scientific African, 12, e00816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00816
Ou, P. & Wolff, S.P. (1996). Adiscontinuous method for catalase determination at near physiological concentrations of H2O2 and its application to the study of H2O2 fluxes within cells. Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysical Methods, 31, 59–67.
Petit, A., Mwale, F., Zukor, D.J., Catelas, I., Antoniou, J., Huk, & O.L. (2004). Effect of cobalt and chromium ions on bcl-2, bax, caspase-3, and caspase-8 expression in human U937 macrophages. Biomaterials, 25(11), 2013-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.040.
Petrović, S., Ozretić, B., Krajnović-Ozretić, M., & Bobinac, D. (2001). Lysosomal Membrane Stability and Metallothioneins in Digestive Gland of Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.) as Biomarkers in a Field Study. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42, 1373–1378. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00167-9.
Pourang, N. (1995). Heavy metal bioaccumulation in different tissues of two fish species with regards to their feeding habits and trophic levels. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 35, 207-219. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00547632
Reznick, A.Z., & Packer, L. (1994). Oxidative damage to proteins: Spectrophotometric method for carbonyl assay. Methodsin Enzymology, 233, 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(94)33041-7.
Romeo, E., Dave, M.H., Bacic, D., Ristic, Z., Camargo, S.M., Loffing, J., Wagner, C.A., & Verrey, F. (2006). Luminal kidney and intestine SLC6 amino acid transporters of B0AT‐cluster and their tissue distribution in Mus musculus. American Journal of Physiology-Renal, 290, F376–F383.
Sadeghi, P., Loghmani, M., & Frokhzad, S. (2020). Human health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of commercial marine fish (Thunnus albacares, Euthynnus affinis, and Katsuwonus pelamis) in Oman Sea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07907-0
Shacter, E. (2000). Quantification and significance of protein oxidation in biological samples. Drug Metabolism Reviews, 32, 307–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/DMR-100102336.
Suganthi, P., Soundarya, N., Stalin, A, & Nedunchezhiyan, S. (2015). Toxicological effect of cobalt chloride on freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus. International Journal of Applied Research, 1(3), 331-340.
Valko, M., Morris, H., & Cronin, M.T.D. (2005). Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 12, 1161-1208. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867053764635
Viarengo, A., Ponzano, E., Dondero, F., & Fabbri, R. (1997). A simple spectrophotometric method for metallothionein evaluation in marine organisms: an application to Mediterranean and Antarctic molluscs. Marine Environmental Research, 44, 69–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(96)00103-1.
Yin, H., Xu, L., & Porter, N.A. (2011). Free Radical Lipid Peroxidation: Mechanisms and Analysis. Chemical Reviews, 111(10), 5944-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr200084z.
Ahmed, M.K., Baki, M.A., Kundu, G.K, Islam, M.S., Islam, M.M., & Hossain, M.M. (2016). Human health risks from heavy metals in fish of Buriganga river, Bangladesh. Springer Plus, 5(1), 1697. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3357-0
Ayala, A., Munoz, M.F., & Arguelles, S. (2014). Lipid peroxidation: pro-eduction, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Oxidative. Medicine and Cellular Longevity, (ID360438), 1-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/360438.
Banaee, M., Sureda, A., Mirvaghefi, A.R., & Ahmadi, K. (2013). Biochemical and histological changes in the liver tissue of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of diazinon. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 39, 489-501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-012-9714-1.
Beauchamp, C., & Fridovich, I. (1971). Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Analytic Biochemistry, 44(1), 276–287.
Benzie, I.F.F., & Strain, J. J. (1996). The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of “Antioxidant Power”: The FRAP Assay. Analytic Biochemistry, 239, 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292.
Beyene, D.H., & Berhe, B.G. (2015). The Level of Heavy Metals in Potable Water in Dowhan, Erop Wereda, Tigray, Ethiopia. Journal of Natural Science Research, 5(3), 190-194. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8867507.
Catelas, I., Petit, A., Vali, H., Fragiskatos, C., Meilleur, R., Zukor, D.J., Antoniou, J., & Huk, O.L. (2005). Quantitative analysis of macrophage apoptosis vs. necrosis induced by cobalt and chromium ions in vitro. Biomaterials, 26, 2441-2453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.08.004.
Cecchi, G., Basini, S., & Castano, C. (1985). Methanolyse rapide des huiles en solvant. Revue Française des corps gras, 4, 163-164.
Ćirković, M., Ljubojević, D., ĐorĊević, V., Novakov, N., Petronijević, R., Matekalo Sverak, V. & Trbović, D. (2012). The breed effect on productivity and meat nutrient compsition of fish. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 18, 775-780. https://doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2012.6383.
Clearwater, S., Baskin, S.J., Wood, C.M., & McDonald, D.G. (2000). Gastrointestinal uptake and distribution of copper in rainbow trout. Journal of Experimental Biology, 203, 2455–2466. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.16.2455.
Comhaire, S., Blust, R., Van Ginnken, L., Verbost, P.M., & Vanderborght, O.L.J. (1998). Branchial cobalt uptake in the carp Cyprinus carpio: Effect of calcium channels blockers and calcium injection. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 18, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007746117932.
Cotou, E., Tsangaris, C., & Henry, M. (2013). Comparative study of biochemical and immunological biomarkers in three marine bivalves exposed at a polluted site. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(3), 1812–1822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1150-3.
Davis, S.R., & Cousins, R.J. (2000). Metallothionein Expression in Animals: A Physiological Perspective on Function. The Journal of Nutrition, 130(5), 1085-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.5.1085.
De Boeck, M., Kirsch-Volders, M., & Lison, D. (2003). Cobalt and antimony: genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Mutation Research Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 533, 135–152.
Draper, H.H., & Hadley, M., 1990. Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation. Methods in Enzymology, 86, 421–431.
Eimers, R.D., Evans, R.D., & Welbourn, P.M. (2001). Cadmium accumulation in the fresh water isopod Asellus racovitzai: the relative importance of solute and particulate sources at trace concentrations. Environmental. Pollution, 111, 247-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00066-X.
FAO. (2009). Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Cultured Aquatic Species Fact Sheets. In M. Weimin, Département des pêches et de l’aquaculture de la FAO, Rome; c2009-2011a.
Flohe, L., & Gunzler, W.A. (1984). Assays of gluthathione peroxidase. Methods in Enzymolology, 105, 114-121.
Garoui, E.M., Fetoui, H., Makni, F.A, Boudawara, T., & Zeghal, N. (2011). Cobalt chloride induces hepatotoxicity in adult rats and their suckling pups. Experimenatal and Toxicologic Pathoology, 63, 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2009.09.003
Greani Menke, A. L., Spitsbergen, J. M., Wolterbeek, A. P. M., & Woutersen, R. A. (2011). Normal Anatomy and Histology of the Adult Zebrafish. Toxicologic Pathology, 39(5), 759-775. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192623311409597
Gueraud, F., Atalay, M., Bresgen, N., Cipak, A., Eckl, P. M., Huc, L., Jouanin, I., Siems, W., & Uchida, K. (2010). Chemistry and biochemistry of lipid peroxidation products. Free Radical Research, 44(10), 1098-1124. https://doi.org/10.3109/10715762.2010.498477.
Habig, WH., Pabst, M.J., & Jakoby, W.B. (1974). Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 249, 7130-7139.
Hasanein, S.S., Mourad, M.H., & Haredi, A.M.M. (2022). The health risk assessment of heavy metals to human health through the consumption of Tilapia spp. and catfish caught from Lake Mariut. Egypt Heliyon, 8(7), e09807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09807
Hassoun, E.A., Li, F., Abushaban, A., & Stohs, S.J. (2001). Production of superoxide anion, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in the hepatic and brain tissues of rats after subchronic exposure to mixture of TCDD and its congeners. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 21, 211–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.744.
Kubrak, O.I., Husak, V.V., Rovenko, B.M., Storey, J.M., Storey, K.B., & Lushchak, V.I. (2011). Cobalt-induced oxidative stress in brain, liver and kidney of goldfish Carassius auratus. Chemosphere, 85(6), 983-989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.078
Lowry, O., Rosebrough, N., Farr, A.L., & Randall, R. (1951). Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193, 265–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)52451-6.
Lushchak, O.V., Kubrak, O.I., Nykorak, M.Z., Storey, K.B., & Lushchak, V.I. (2008). The effect of potassium dichromate on free radical processes in goldfish: possible protective role of glutathione. Aquatic Toxicology, 87, 108–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.01.007.
Lushchak, V.I. (2011b). Environmentally induced oxidative stress in aquatic animals. Aquatic Toxicology, 101(1), 13-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.10.006.
Matias, A.C., Marinho, S.H., Enrique Herrero, L.C., & Antunes, F. (2011). Biphasic modulation of fatty acid synthase by hydrogen peroxide in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Archive of Biochemistry Biophysics, 515, 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2011.08.009.
Mijosek, T., Mariji, V.F., Dragun, Z., Ivankovi, D., Krasnici, N., Redzovi, Z., & Erk, M. (2021).Intestine of invasive fish Prussian carp as a target organ in metal exposure assessment of the wastewater impacted freshwater ecosystem. Ecological Indicators, 122, 107247-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107247.
Mozhdeganloo, Z., Moghadam Jafari, A., Koohi, M. K., & Heidarpour, M. (2016). Permethrin-induced oxidative damage in liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and its attenuation by vitamin. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 17(1-54), 31-35.
Ogunwole, G.A., Abiya, S.E., Amaeze, N.H., & Eze, C.T. (2021). Antioxidant markers in gills, liver and muscle tissue of the African Sharptooth Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to subchronic levels of Ibuprofen and Dibutyl phthalate. Scientific African, 12, e00816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00816
Ou, P. & Wolff, S.P. (1996). Adiscontinuous method for catalase determination at near physiological concentrations of H2O2 and its application to the study of H2O2 fluxes within cells. Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysical Methods, 31, 59–67.
Petit, A., Mwale, F., Zukor, D.J., Catelas, I., Antoniou, J., Huk, & O.L. (2004). Effect of cobalt and chromium ions on bcl-2, bax, caspase-3, and caspase-8 expression in human U937 macrophages. Biomaterials, 25(11), 2013-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.040.
Petrović, S., Ozretić, B., Krajnović-Ozretić, M., & Bobinac, D. (2001). Lysosomal Membrane Stability and Metallothioneins in Digestive Gland of Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.) as Biomarkers in a Field Study. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42, 1373–1378. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00167-9.
Pourang, N. (1995). Heavy metal bioaccumulation in different tissues of two fish species with regards to their feeding habits and trophic levels. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 35, 207-219. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00547632
Reznick, A.Z., & Packer, L. (1994). Oxidative damage to proteins: Spectrophotometric method for carbonyl assay. Methodsin Enzymology, 233, 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(94)33041-7.
Romeo, E., Dave, M.H., Bacic, D., Ristic, Z., Camargo, S.M., Loffing, J., Wagner, C.A., & Verrey, F. (2006). Luminal kidney and intestine SLC6 amino acid transporters of B0AT‐cluster and their tissue distribution in Mus musculus. American Journal of Physiology-Renal, 290, F376–F383.
Sadeghi, P., Loghmani, M., & Frokhzad, S. (2020). Human health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of commercial marine fish (Thunnus albacares, Euthynnus affinis, and Katsuwonus pelamis) in Oman Sea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07907-0
Shacter, E. (2000). Quantification and significance of protein oxidation in biological samples. Drug Metabolism Reviews, 32, 307–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/DMR-100102336.
Suganthi, P., Soundarya, N., Stalin, A, & Nedunchezhiyan, S. (2015). Toxicological effect of cobalt chloride on freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus. International Journal of Applied Research, 1(3), 331-340.
Valko, M., Morris, H., & Cronin, M.T.D. (2005). Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 12, 1161-1208. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867053764635
Viarengo, A., Ponzano, E., Dondero, F., & Fabbri, R. (1997). A simple spectrophotometric method for metallothionein evaluation in marine organisms: an application to Mediterranean and Antarctic molluscs. Marine Environmental Research, 44, 69–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(96)00103-1.
Yin, H., Xu, L., & Porter, N.A. (2011). Free Radical Lipid Peroxidation: Mechanisms and Analysis. Chemical Reviews, 111(10), 5944-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr200084z.
Published
2024-04-15
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Chetoui, I., Ghribi, F., Bejaoui, S., Belhasssen, D., & Soudani, N. (2024). Toxic Effects Assessment of Acute Cobalt Exposure on Stress Biomarkers Responses of Cyprinus carpio Intestine. European Journal of Science, Innovation and Technology, 4(2), 263-274. Retrieved from https://ejsit-journal.com/index.php/ejsit/article/view/412
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Copyright (c) 2024 Chetoui Imene, Ghribi Feriel, Bejaoui Safa, Belhasssen Dalya, Soudani Najla
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