Challenges of Environmental Management in the Upper Pungwe River Basin, Zimbabwe
Keywords:
Environmental Management, Upper Pungwe, River Basin, Zimbabwe
Abstract
This study examines the challenges faced in managing the environment in the upper Pungwe River basin (Chipinge). An investigation was conducted on how stakeholders interacted with environmental protection and water management agencies. The study employed a mixed-methods research approach. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed. The president of the Environmental Protection Commission received 17 questionnaires. Three water management specialists from PSCC and ZINWA were also interviewed while EMA, Mutasa RDC, and their District Administrators each received three extra questionnaires. Mann-Kendall statistics and regression analysis were employed to assess the Pungwe River's water quality, sediment load, and river flow in order to spot trends and forecast future water levels. A negative linear association between pH value and river sediment loading was observed. It was noted that improvements need to be made among stake-holders.
References
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Chiwandamira L and Mbengo I 1999: Environmental Management, Zimbabwe Open University, Harare
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Manjengwa J, Price L and Stiles K 1999: Environmental Education, Zimbabwe Open University, Harare
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Chidavaenzi M, Kwenda G, Mashava R, Moyo K, Mpala T, Tagwirei C and Zanamwe L 2010: In Feresu SB (ed): Zimbabwe Environment Outlook: The Socio-Economic Environment: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Management. Government of Zimbabwe, 19-52.
Chifamba E 2011: Integrated Watershed Management for Minimizing Land Degradation and Enhancing Livelihoods of Resource Poor Farmers: A Case of Pungwe River Watershed, Zimbabwe. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa: Vol 13 No 8, 107-119
Chigwenya A and Chirisa C 2007: Structures Without Processes: An Analysis of the Institutional deficiencies in Community Based Forest Resource Management in Seke Resettlement Sceheme. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa: Vol 9 No 4, 16-47.
Chiwandamira L and Mbengo I 1999: Environmental Management, Zimbabwe Open University, Harare
Coates D, Pert LP, Baron J, Muthuri C, Nguyen-Khoa S, Boelee E and Jarvis ID 2013: WaterRelated Ecosystem Services and Food Security. In Boelee (ed): Managing Water and Agroecosystems for Food Security: Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture Series. CAB: Wallingford, 10, 2941.
Creswell JW 2007: Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. 2nd Edition, Sage, California
Creswell JW 2009: Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. 3rd Edition, Sage, California
Creswell JW and Clark P 2011: Designing and conducting mixed methods research, Sage, California
Dube D and Swatuk AL 2002: Stakeholder participation in the new water management approach: A Study of the Save Catchment, Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth: Elsevier. 27, 867874
Dresp-Langley B 2012: Responsibly Managing Risks to the Environment: Stakeholders and their Communication Contract. The Open Environmental Journal: Bentham Open. 2012, 5, 19-26
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Environmental Management Agency 2012b: Training Manual for Environmental Monitors, Environmental Management Agency, Harare.
Environmental Management Agency 2012c: Resource Handbook for Traditional Leaders, Environmental Management Agency, Harare.
Environmental Management Agency 2014: Accessed from http://www.ema.co.zw on 31st August 2014.
Esmail T 1997: Designing and Scaling Up Productive Natural Resources Management Programmes: Decentralisation and Institutions for Collective Action, World Bank, Washingto D. C
European Commission 2007: Integrated Water Resources Management: Guidance in Relation to Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment: Technical Report-2007013.: European Commission, Luxembourg
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Feresu SB, Madamombe EK, Mtetwa SD, Musariri M, Sunguro S and Tererai F 2010: Water. In Feresu SB (ed): Zimbabwe Environment Outlook: Our Environment, Everybody’s Responsibility. Harare: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Management. Government of Zimbabwe, 131-165.
Flick U 2004: Triangulation in Qualitative Research. In Flick U, Kardoff E and Steinke E (Eds): A Companion to Qualitative Research: Sage: London, 178-183.
Gasim BM, Ismail BS, Toriman E, Mir IS and Chek CT 2007: A Physio-Chemical Assessment of the Bebar River, Pahang, Malaysia. Global Journal of Environmental Research: IDOSI Publications, 1 (1), 7-11
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Government of Zimbabwe 1988: Rural District Councils Act (Chapter 29:13). Government Printers, Harare
Government of Zimbabwe 1995: Urban Councils Act (Chapter 29:15). Government Printers, Harare
Government of Zimbabwe 1998a: Water Act (Chapter 20:24). Government Printers, Harare
Government of Zimbabwe 1998b: ZINWA Act (Chapter 20:25), Government Printers, Harare
Government of Zimbabwe 2000a: Water (Catchment Councils): Statutory Instrument 33 0f 2000, Government Printers, Harare
Government of Zimbabwe 2000b: Traditional Leaders Act (Chapter 29:17), Government Printers, Harare
Government of Zimbabwe 2001: Towards Integrated Water Resources Management: Water Resources Management Strategy for Zimbabwe, Ministry of Rural Resources and Water Development. Government of Zimbabwe, Harare
Government of Zimbabwe 2002: Environment Management Act (Chapter 20:27), Government Printers, Harare
Government of Zimbabwe 2007: Environment Management (Environmental Impacts Assessments and Ecosystems Protection) Regulations: Statutory Instrument 7 of 2007, Government Printers, Harare
Government of Zimbabwe 2009: The National Environment Policy, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Management, Government of Zimbabwe, Harare
Gumindoga W, Shekede MD, Rientjies HTM and Rwasoka DT 2012: Incorporation of Land Use and Land Cover into Hydrological Dynamics of the Mukuvisi and Marimba River Catchments. Hydrology: Thirteenth Waternet/WARFSA/GWP-SA. International Symposium on Integrated Water Resourses Managemnet. Johannesburg.
Gwimbi P and Dirwai C 2003: Research Methods in Geography and Environmental Studies,: Zimbabwe Open University, Harare
Haller T 2002: The Understanding of Institutions and their Link to Resource Management from a New Institutionalism Perspective: IP6 Institutional Change and Livelihood Strategies: Working Paper No.1
Hesse-Biber and Leavy 2011: The Practice of Qualitative Research: 2nd Edition Sage, Los Angeles.
Holstein AJ and Gubrium FJ 1997: Active Interviewing. Qualitative Research: Theory. Method and Practice, Sage, London
IAEA 2003: Collection and preparation of bottom sediment samples for analysis of radionuclides and trace elements, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
INBO and GWP 2012: The Handbook for International Water Resources Management in Transboundary Basins of Rivers, Lakes and Aquifers. International Network of Basin Organisations and Global Water Partnership.
Islam S, Han S, Ahmed K and Masugana S 2014: Assessment of Trace Metal Contamination in Water and Sediment of Some Rivers in Bangadesh. Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol 12, No. 2, 2014
Kayoi M, Wells A and Sherpherd G 2008: Indonesian Papua: Poverty and Natural Resources – Reconciling Growth and Social Justice through an Ecosystem Approach. In Sherpherd (ed): The Ecosystem Approach: Learning From Experience. IUCN. Switzerland, 163-190.
Kujinga K and Manzungu E 2004: Enduring Contestations: Stakeholder Strategic Action in Water Resources Management in the Save Catchment Area, Eastern Zimbabwe. In: Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, Vol XX No.1
Kumar R 2012: Research Methodolody. A step-by-step guide for beginners. Third Edition. London: Sage
Kuusisto E 1996: Hydrological Measurements. In Bartram J and Balance R (Eds): A Practical guide to the Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality Studies and Monitoring Programmes. UNEP and WHO: Geneva, 284-293.
Lapong E, Fujihara M, Izumi T, Kobayashi N and Kakihara T 2012: Suspended Load Estimation in Rivers in Agricultural Areas Using Regression Analyses with Data Stratification. Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol 10, No. 4, 2012
Leach M, Mearns R and Scoones I 1999: Environmental Entitlements: Dynamics and Institutions in Community Based Natural Resources Management. In: World Development Vol 27: No.2 pp 225-247
Leedy PD and Ormrod JE 2005: Practical Research: Planning and Design. 8th Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Makurira H and Mugumo M 2006: Water Sector Reforms in Zimbabwe: The importance of policy and institutional coordination on implementation. In: Proceedings of the African Regional Workshop on Watershed Management. FAO: Nairobi, 167-174.
Manjengwa J, Price L and Stiles K 1999: Environmental Education, Zimbabwe Open University, Harare
Manzungu E 2002: The Theory and Practice of Governance of Water Resources in Zimbabwe. In: Proceedings of the African Regional Workshop on Watershed Management. FAO: Nairobi, 167174.
Manzungu E and Kujinga K 2006: The destination of Zimbabwe’s water reforms: Integrated water resource management or integrated catchment management? In: Manzungu E (ed): The Processes and Dynamics of Catchment Management in Zimbabwe. Save Africa Trust: Harare, 161-172.
Melville S and Goddard W 1996: Research Methodology. Kenwyn: Juta.
Merrey DJ, Drechsel P, Penning de Vries FWT and Sally H 2005: Integrating Livelihoods into Integrated Water Resources Management: Taking the Integration Paradigm to its Logical Next Step for Developing Countries. Pretoria: IWMI
Ministry of Environment and Tourism 1997: Environmental Impact Assessment Policy. Harare: Ministry of Environment and Tourism
Mortimore M, Ariyo J, Bouzou MI, Mohammed S and Yamba B 2008: Niger and Nigeria: The Maradi-Kano Region – A dryland case study of local natural resources management. In Sherpherd (ed): The Ecosystem Approach: Learning From Experience. IUCN: Switzerland, 1-22.
Mugabe TF, Senzanje A and Hodnett M 2002: Understanding catchment hydrology as a means to improve rural water resources use and management in Masvingo Province. In Manzungu E (ed): The Processes and Dynamics of Catchment Management in Zimbabwe. Save Africa Trust. Harare, 91-98.
Murwira A and Tevera DS 2010: Ecoregions – A Second Approximation. In Feresu SB (ed): Zimbabwe Environment Outlook: Our Environment, Everybody’s Responsibility. Harare: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Management. Government of Zimbabwe, 241253.
Mutepfa F, Marongwe N, and Matondi P 2010: Land. In Feresu SB (ed): Zimbabwe Environment Outlook: Our Environment, Everybody’s Responsibility. Harare: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Management. Government of Zimbabwe, Harare, 89-129.
Myllyviita T, Hujala T, Kangas A and Leskinen P 2011: Decision Support in Assessing the Sustainable Use of Forests and Other Natural Resources – A Comparative Review. The Open Forest Science Journal, 2011, 4, 24-41
Naome R, Rajah D and Jerie S 2012: Challenges in Implementing an Integrated Environmental Management Approach in Zimbabwe. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETSMS), 3(4), 408-414.
Ngah CYSM and Othman 2010: Water Catchment Management: A Malaysian Perspective. Global Journal of Environmental Research. IDOSI: 4(1), 31-39
Nickerson JB 1994: The Environmental Laws of Zimbabwe: A Unique Approach to Management of the Environment.
Nyikadzino B, Chibisa P and Makurira H 2014: Exploring the effectiveness of sustainable water resources management structures in the Upper Pungwe river basin. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth: Elsevier. 67-69, 173-179.
O’Leary Z 2010: The Essential Guide to Doing Your Research Project. London: Sage
Pahl-Wostli P 2007: The Implications of Complexity for Integrated Resources — The Second Biannual Meeting of the International Environmental Modelling and Software Society: Complexity and Integrated Resources Management. Environmental Modelling and Software: Elsevier, 22, 561-569.
Petus C, Chust G, Gohin F, Doxaran D, Froidefond JM and Sagarminaga Y 2010: Estimating turbidity and total suspended matter in the Adour River plume (South Bay of Biscay) using MODIS 250-m imaginery: Elsevier, Issue 30, Issue 5, 379-392.
PRFT 2013: Study on Rural Poverty in Manicaland: The Case of Mutare Rural. Mutare: Poverty Reduction Forum Trust.
Ribot J 2002: Democratic Decentralisation of Natural Resources: Institutionalising Popular Participation. Washington DC: World Resources Institute.
Rogers P and Hall AW 2003: Effective Water Governance. Stockholm: Global Water Partnership
Roy D, Barr J and Venema HD 2011: Ecosystem Approaches in Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM): A Review of Transboundary River Basins. UNDP and IISD.
Sadeghi SHR, Harchegani KM and Younesi AH 2012: Suspended sediment concentration and particle size distribution, and their relationship with heavy metal content. Journal of Earth System Sciences: Indian Academy of Sciences, 121, No. 1, 63-71
Saeidian F, Sulainman BANW and Rad AM 2009: The Investigation of the Sediment Yield Potential Using Hydro-Physical Method in the Drainage Basins: Case Study in Kardeh Drainage Basin-Iran. Journal of Environmental Research: IDOSI Publications, 3 (3), 178-186
Saleth M and Dinar A 1999: Evaluating Water Institutions and Water Sector Performance, World Bank Washington DC
Sekaran U 1992: Research Methods for Business: A Skills Building Approach, Wiley, New York
Sherpherd G 2008: Overview: In Sherpherd (ed): The Ecosystem Approach: Learning From Experience. IUCN. Switzerland, 1-22.
Shoko P 2010: The Socio-Economic Environment. In Feresu SB (ed): Zimbabwe Environment Outlook: Our Environment, Everybody’s Responsibility, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Management. Government of Zimbabwe
Silverman D 2007: Interpreting Qualitative Data: Methods for Analysing Talk, Text and Interaction: Third Edition, Sage London
Somura H, Nakayama D, Aizaki M, Seike Y, Okumura M and Nishikata K 2008: Spatial Distribution of Water Quality and Load Units in the Iinashi River Basin, Shimane Prefecture, Japan. The Open Hydrology Journal, 2008, 2, 15-24
Sweco 2004: The Pungwe River Monograph, Sida, Stockholm
Sweco 2008: Training Material in Integrated Water Resources Management for River Basin Organisations: Case Study: Pungwe River Basin in Mozambique. Stockholm: Sida & Capnet.
Taylor-Powell E 1996: Analysing Quantitative Data: Program Development and Evaluation. University of Wisconsin: Cooperative Extension: Madison.
United Nations 1998: Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UN, New York
Van der Zag P 1997: From Appropriating Water to Sharing It: Water Sector Reform in the Nyachowa Catchment Area. In: Derman B and Nhira C (eds): Towards Reforming the Institutional and Legal Basis of the Water Sector in Zimbabwe, CASS, Harare
Vučijak B, Ceric A, Silajdzic I and Kurtagic MS 2011: Water for Life: Fundametals of Integrated Water Resources Management. Hydro Engineering Institute Sarajevo: Sarajevo.
WaterAid 2011: Policy Guidelines: Water Resource Management. Nepal: Water Aid
Webster P, Merrey D and De Lange M 2003: Boundaries of Consent: Stakeholder Representation in River Basin Management in Mexico and South Africa. In: World Development, Vol 31, Issue 5, May 2013, pp797-812
WMO 2012: Technical Material for Water Resources Assessment: Technical Report Series No. 2: WMO-No-1095, World Meteorological organisation, Geneva
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Xie M 2006: Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM): Introduction to Principles and Practices. World Bank Institute.
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Published
2023-12-21
How to Cite
MUTOMBE, A., NHEDZI, E., CHIPFUNDE, F., CHALEKA, A. T., & MAPIRA, J. (2023). Challenges of Environmental Management in the Upper Pungwe River Basin, Zimbabwe. European Journal of Science, Innovation and Technology, 3(6), 220-240. Retrieved from https://ejsit-journal.com/index.php/ejsit/article/view/332
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Copyright (c) 2023 Ashley MUTOMBE, Emmanuel NHEDZI, Frank CHIPFUNDE, Ashley T. CHALEKA, Jemitias MAPIRA
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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