Employing Sociotechnical System for Organization Development: Developing a Crime Statistics Database for Nigerian Law Enforcement Organizations
Keywords:
Crime analysis, Crime statistics database, Crime information system, Law enforcement organization, Organization Development, Nigeria, Social control, Sociotechnical systems, Sociotechnical theory, Work design
Abstract
Sociotechnical systems are a method for complex organizational work design that considers how people and technology interact in the workplace. Accordingly, this research is concerned with the development of a crime statistics database system as a socio-technical system which would become instrumental in the efficiency and effectiveness of law enforcement organizations in Nigeria and cornerstone to national security through provision of authentic criminal intelligence information, which can easily be shared among various security organizations. The aim of this study is to therefore develop a central database-driven information system for capturing and reporting crimes. This crime statistics database is intended to become a de facto sharing tool as well as cross-referencing points for different security and intelligence organizations in the country as well as statisticians, social workers, private, public investigators and other stakeholders. The following programming applications were used for developing the system: PHP Hypertext Pre-Processor, Asynchronous JavaScript and Extensible Markup Language (AJAX), Cascading Style Sheet version 3, Bootstrap, Media Querries, Mobile Hypertext Markup Language version 5, JavaScript libraries - JQuery Mobile, JQuery User Interface, JavaScript, PhpMyAdmin and MYSQL database engine. The Object-Oriented System Analysis and Structured Design (OOSASD) methodology was chosen for analysis, design and development of the system. Use case diagram, class diagram, sequence diagrams and an operational flow chart were the chosen sub-sets of Unified Modeling Language (UML) notations and techniques. In addition to the penal code and crime analysis, the study examined existing paper-based crime statistics databases, then acknowledged and addressed their loopholes using a web-based database-driven software that can store history records of criminals, dangerous deviants and terrorists with mobile phones, tablets, computers, PDAs and handheld devices.
References
A History of Crime Analysis. (n.d.). A History of Crime Analysis. https://faculty.uml.edu/jbyrne/44.203/MACA-historyofcrimeanalysis.pdf
Aquinas, T., Baumgarth, W. P., & Regan, R. J. (2002). On law, morality, and politics. Indianapolis, Ind. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
Arukwe, N. O. (2003). Integrity system and public accountability: The case of the Nigerian Transport Ministry. In E. O. Ezeani (Ed.), Public Accountability in Nigeria: Perspectives and issues (pp. 218–228). Academic Publishing Co.
Arukwe, N. O. (2004). Interpretive sociology and the study of organization: The case of Gouldner’s wild-cat strike. Journal of the Sociological Sciences, 2(1), 114–127.
Arukwe, N. O. (2010). Since Equiano: History and challenges of contemporary African socio-political thought. University of Nigeria Press.
Arukwe, N. O. (2014). Citizenship behaviour, organizational integrity, and the practice of “Discretion” among members of a Nigerian paramilitary organization. In African Dynamics in a Multipolar World: 5th European Conference on African Studies—Conference Proceedings (pp. 268–296). Centro de Estudos Internacionais do Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL). [PDF] from iscte-iul.pt
Arukwe, N. O. (2022). China-Taiwan-Nigeria Relations: Imperative for a Reconsideration of the “New Southbound Policy.” Prospect and Exploration, 20(2), 79–124. https://www.mjib.gov.tw/FileUploads/eBooks/b4c179538aec485ba6e590068c410105/Section_file/402c41cb32dd4ff5bcf5261e95a3edec.pdf
Arukwe, N. O. (2023). PRC’s influence on authoritarian regimes in Africa and the implications for China/Taiwan-Africa relations. Prospect and Exploration, 21(3), 69–91. https://www.mjib.gov.tw/FileUploads/eBooks/ef52c75a68054e3684f70ead27490403/Section_file/0475b49396124c75b3bebcb8080d2a89.pdf
Arukwe, N. O., Akaolisa, J. O., & Chime, S. C. (2019). Religious beliefs and medical workers’ attitudes towards rendering efficient health services in a community in Anambra State. Taraba State University Journal of Sociology, 3(2), 211–219.
Arukwe, N. O., Akaolisa, J. O., Chime, S. C., & Michael, C. (2020). Educational level and health workers’ attitudes towards efficient health service delivery in a community in Anambra State. Ibom Journal of Social Issues, 10(1), 11–20. https://ijsi.org.ng/index.php/home/article/view/11
Arukwe, N. O., & Ejiofor, S. C. (2015). Issues in Organization Development (OD) research: A perspective to tackling systemic corruption in developing countries. International Journal of Communication, 16, 94–109.
Arukwe, N. O., & Offor, C. R. (2020). Factors affecting environmental workers’ knowledge and attitudes on environmental degradation and climate change in Enugu state. Nigerian Journal of Psychological Research, 16(2), 96–104. https://njpsyresearch.com/ojs3/index.php/njopr/article/view/96
Arukwe, N. O., & Offor, C. R. (2021). Managing the environment with limited knowledge in Nigeria: A study of environmental workers in Enugu State. European Journal of Science, Innovation and Technology, 1(5), 46–58. https://ejsit-journal.com/index.php/ejsit/article/view/38
Arukwe, N. O., Offor, C. R., & Chime, S. C. (2020). Knowledge and attitudes on environmental degradation and climate change among environmental workers in Enugu State. Journal of Environmental Management and Safety, 11(2), 41–54.
Arukwe, N. O., Offor, C. R., & Chime, S. C. (2021). Nigerian environmental workers’ differential knowledge of causes and impact of climate change: Implications for environmental and climate change policy. European Journal of Science, Innovation and Technology, 1(6), 43–55.
Arukwe, N. O., Usman, A., & Chime, S. C. (2019). Job status and relationship between migrant workers and university management in two federal universities in north eastern Nigeria. Taraba State University Journal of Sociology, 3(2), 239–250.
Attenborough, F. L. (2006). The laws of the earliest English kings. Cambridge University Press, The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. (Original work published 1922)
Bednar, P. M., & Welch, C. (2019). Socio-Technical perspectives on smart working: Creating meaningful and sustainable systems. Information Systems Frontiers, 22(2), 281–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-019-09921-1
Bix, B. (2018). John Austin (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Stanford.edu; Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/austin-john/
Blackstone, W. (2002). Commentaries on the laws of England. University Of Chicago Press.
Cooper, R., & Foster, M. (1971). Sociotechnical systems. American Psychologist, 26(5), 467–474. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031539
Daube, D. (1969). Roman law: Linguistic, social and philosophical aspects. Edinburgh University Press.
Diop, C. A. (1989). African origin of civilization: Myth or reality. Chicago Review Press.
Dworkin, R. (2018). Taking rights seriously. Harvard University Press.
Ejiofor, S. C., & Arukwe, N. O. (2015). The Hawthorne studies: Its implications for subsequent approaches to workplace administration. International Journal of Communication, 16, 132–145.
Ejiofor, S. C., Arukwe, N. O., & Ejiofor, C. C. (2016). Influence of job status and educational attainment on employee perception of an organization’s Integrity System. University of Nigeria Journal of Political Economy, 9(2), 132–143.
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison (A. Sheridan, Trans.). Vintage Books.
Garner, R. (2014). Law and society in classical Athens (Routledge Revivals). Routledge.
Glosbe. (n.d.). Lipit-Ishtar. Glosbe.com; Glosbe. Retrieved September 9, 2023, from https://glosbe.com/en/en/Lipit-Ishtar
Guterman, S. L. (1990). The principle of the personality of law in the Germanic kingdoms of Western Europe from the fifth to the eleventh century. Peter Lang Pub Incorporated.
Hart, H. L. A. (1961). The concept of law. Oxford University Press.
Hart, H. L. A. (1963). Law, liberty and morality. Stanford Univ. Press, [20]08.
Himma, K. E. (2022). Natural Law | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy; Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, IEP. https://iep.utm.edu/natlaw/
Jackson, J. G. (2015). Introduction to African civilizations. Ravenio Books.
James, G. G. M. (2019). Stolen legacy: Greek philosophy is stolen Egyptian philosophy. Allegro Editions.
Jaybhaye, N. (2022, September 22). Concept of crime and criminology. HubPages; HubPages. https://discover.hubpages.com/politics/Concept-of-Crime
Kramer, S. N. (1963). The Sumerians: Their history, culture, and character. University Of Chicago Press.
Leitch, S., & Warren, M. J. (2010). ETHICS: The past, present and future of socio-technical systems design. History of Computing. Learning from the Past, 189–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15199-6_19
Maine, H. S. (2012). Ancient law: Its connection with the early history of society, and its relation to modern ideas. Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1861)
Marmor, A., & Sarch, A. (2019). The nature of law (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Stanford.edu; Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-nature/
Mumford, E. (1995). Effective systems design and requirements analysis: The ETHICS approach. Macmillan.
Mumford, E. (2001). Advice for an action researcher. Information Technology & People, 14(1), 12–27. https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/emerald-publishing/advice-for-an-action-researcher-obnTqzwCgV
Mumford, E. (2006). Researching people problems: Some advice to a student. Information Systems Journal, 16(4), 383–389. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2575.2006.00223.x
Mumford, E., & Weir, M. W. (1979). Computer systems in work design: The ETHICS method: Effective Technical and Human Implementation of Computer System. John Wiley & Sons.
New World Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Crime - New World Encyclopedia. Www.newworldencyclopedia.org; New World Encyclopedia. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/crime
Nietzsche, F. W. (2011). The birth of tragedy. Paw Prints. (Original work published 1872)
Ofokansi, K. C., Arukwe, N. O., Offor, C. R., Chime, S. C., & Eke, P. C. (2021). Motivation for alcohol use and risky behaviors among undergraduate students in southern Nigerian universities. European Journal of Science, Innovation and Technology, 1(6), 28–42. https://ejsit-journal.com/index.php/ejsit/article/view/43
Okonta, M. J., Ubaka, C. M., & Arukwe, N. O. (2013). Student demographics and their effects on risky sexual behaviors and poor condom use pattern in two departments of a Nigerian university. American Journal of Public Health Research, 1(3), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajphr-1-3-2
Oppenheim, L., & Reiner, E. (2009). Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a dead civilization. University Of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1964)
Pennington, K. (1993). The prince and the law, 1200-1600. University of California Press.
Rice, A. K. (2013). Productivity and Social Organization. Routledge.
Skaist, A. J. (1994). The old Babylonian loan contract. Bar-Ilan University Press.
Stranks, J. (2007). Human factors and behavioural safety. Routledge.
Trist, E. L. (1981). The evolution of socio-technical systems: A conceptual framework and an action research program. Ontario Quality of Working Life Centre.
Trist, E. L., & Bamforth, K. W. (1951). Some social and psychological consequences of the Longwall Method of coal-getting. Human Relations, 4(1), 3–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675100400101
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna. (2006). Policiny: Police information and intelligence systems criminal justice assessment toolkit (pp. 1–25). United Nations. https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/cjat_eng/4_Police_Information_Intelligence_Systems.pdf
University of Namibia. (2021, November 11). Natural Law. Coursehero.com; Course Hero. https://www.coursehero.com/file/116108522/natural-lawdocx/
Vinogradoff, P. (2017). Roman law in medieval Europe. Trieste Publishing.
Williams, C. (1987). Destruction of Black civilization: Great issues of a race from 4500 B.C. to 2000 A.D. Third World Press.
Winter, S., Berente, N., Howison, J., & Butler, B. (2014). Beyond the organizational “container”: Conceptualizing 21st century sociotechnical work. Information and Organization, 24(4), 250–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2014.10.003
Aquinas, T., Baumgarth, W. P., & Regan, R. J. (2002). On law, morality, and politics. Indianapolis, Ind. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
Arukwe, N. O. (2003). Integrity system and public accountability: The case of the Nigerian Transport Ministry. In E. O. Ezeani (Ed.), Public Accountability in Nigeria: Perspectives and issues (pp. 218–228). Academic Publishing Co.
Arukwe, N. O. (2004). Interpretive sociology and the study of organization: The case of Gouldner’s wild-cat strike. Journal of the Sociological Sciences, 2(1), 114–127.
Arukwe, N. O. (2010). Since Equiano: History and challenges of contemporary African socio-political thought. University of Nigeria Press.
Arukwe, N. O. (2014). Citizenship behaviour, organizational integrity, and the practice of “Discretion” among members of a Nigerian paramilitary organization. In African Dynamics in a Multipolar World: 5th European Conference on African Studies—Conference Proceedings (pp. 268–296). Centro de Estudos Internacionais do Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL). [PDF] from iscte-iul.pt
Arukwe, N. O. (2022). China-Taiwan-Nigeria Relations: Imperative for a Reconsideration of the “New Southbound Policy.” Prospect and Exploration, 20(2), 79–124. https://www.mjib.gov.tw/FileUploads/eBooks/b4c179538aec485ba6e590068c410105/Section_file/402c41cb32dd4ff5bcf5261e95a3edec.pdf
Arukwe, N. O. (2023). PRC’s influence on authoritarian regimes in Africa and the implications for China/Taiwan-Africa relations. Prospect and Exploration, 21(3), 69–91. https://www.mjib.gov.tw/FileUploads/eBooks/ef52c75a68054e3684f70ead27490403/Section_file/0475b49396124c75b3bebcb8080d2a89.pdf
Arukwe, N. O., Akaolisa, J. O., & Chime, S. C. (2019). Religious beliefs and medical workers’ attitudes towards rendering efficient health services in a community in Anambra State. Taraba State University Journal of Sociology, 3(2), 211–219.
Arukwe, N. O., Akaolisa, J. O., Chime, S. C., & Michael, C. (2020). Educational level and health workers’ attitudes towards efficient health service delivery in a community in Anambra State. Ibom Journal of Social Issues, 10(1), 11–20. https://ijsi.org.ng/index.php/home/article/view/11
Arukwe, N. O., & Ejiofor, S. C. (2015). Issues in Organization Development (OD) research: A perspective to tackling systemic corruption in developing countries. International Journal of Communication, 16, 94–109.
Arukwe, N. O., & Offor, C. R. (2020). Factors affecting environmental workers’ knowledge and attitudes on environmental degradation and climate change in Enugu state. Nigerian Journal of Psychological Research, 16(2), 96–104. https://njpsyresearch.com/ojs3/index.php/njopr/article/view/96
Arukwe, N. O., & Offor, C. R. (2021). Managing the environment with limited knowledge in Nigeria: A study of environmental workers in Enugu State. European Journal of Science, Innovation and Technology, 1(5), 46–58. https://ejsit-journal.com/index.php/ejsit/article/view/38
Arukwe, N. O., Offor, C. R., & Chime, S. C. (2020). Knowledge and attitudes on environmental degradation and climate change among environmental workers in Enugu State. Journal of Environmental Management and Safety, 11(2), 41–54.
Arukwe, N. O., Offor, C. R., & Chime, S. C. (2021). Nigerian environmental workers’ differential knowledge of causes and impact of climate change: Implications for environmental and climate change policy. European Journal of Science, Innovation and Technology, 1(6), 43–55.
Arukwe, N. O., Usman, A., & Chime, S. C. (2019). Job status and relationship between migrant workers and university management in two federal universities in north eastern Nigeria. Taraba State University Journal of Sociology, 3(2), 239–250.
Attenborough, F. L. (2006). The laws of the earliest English kings. Cambridge University Press, The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. (Original work published 1922)
Bednar, P. M., & Welch, C. (2019). Socio-Technical perspectives on smart working: Creating meaningful and sustainable systems. Information Systems Frontiers, 22(2), 281–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-019-09921-1
Bix, B. (2018). John Austin (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Stanford.edu; Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/austin-john/
Blackstone, W. (2002). Commentaries on the laws of England. University Of Chicago Press.
Cooper, R., & Foster, M. (1971). Sociotechnical systems. American Psychologist, 26(5), 467–474. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031539
Daube, D. (1969). Roman law: Linguistic, social and philosophical aspects. Edinburgh University Press.
Diop, C. A. (1989). African origin of civilization: Myth or reality. Chicago Review Press.
Dworkin, R. (2018). Taking rights seriously. Harvard University Press.
Ejiofor, S. C., & Arukwe, N. O. (2015). The Hawthorne studies: Its implications for subsequent approaches to workplace administration. International Journal of Communication, 16, 132–145.
Ejiofor, S. C., Arukwe, N. O., & Ejiofor, C. C. (2016). Influence of job status and educational attainment on employee perception of an organization’s Integrity System. University of Nigeria Journal of Political Economy, 9(2), 132–143.
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison (A. Sheridan, Trans.). Vintage Books.
Garner, R. (2014). Law and society in classical Athens (Routledge Revivals). Routledge.
Glosbe. (n.d.). Lipit-Ishtar. Glosbe.com; Glosbe. Retrieved September 9, 2023, from https://glosbe.com/en/en/Lipit-Ishtar
Guterman, S. L. (1990). The principle of the personality of law in the Germanic kingdoms of Western Europe from the fifth to the eleventh century. Peter Lang Pub Incorporated.
Hart, H. L. A. (1961). The concept of law. Oxford University Press.
Hart, H. L. A. (1963). Law, liberty and morality. Stanford Univ. Press, [20]08.
Himma, K. E. (2022). Natural Law | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy; Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, IEP. https://iep.utm.edu/natlaw/
Jackson, J. G. (2015). Introduction to African civilizations. Ravenio Books.
James, G. G. M. (2019). Stolen legacy: Greek philosophy is stolen Egyptian philosophy. Allegro Editions.
Jaybhaye, N. (2022, September 22). Concept of crime and criminology. HubPages; HubPages. https://discover.hubpages.com/politics/Concept-of-Crime
Kramer, S. N. (1963). The Sumerians: Their history, culture, and character. University Of Chicago Press.
Leitch, S., & Warren, M. J. (2010). ETHICS: The past, present and future of socio-technical systems design. History of Computing. Learning from the Past, 189–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15199-6_19
Maine, H. S. (2012). Ancient law: Its connection with the early history of society, and its relation to modern ideas. Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1861)
Marmor, A., & Sarch, A. (2019). The nature of law (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Stanford.edu; Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-nature/
Mumford, E. (1995). Effective systems design and requirements analysis: The ETHICS approach. Macmillan.
Mumford, E. (2001). Advice for an action researcher. Information Technology & People, 14(1), 12–27. https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/emerald-publishing/advice-for-an-action-researcher-obnTqzwCgV
Mumford, E. (2006). Researching people problems: Some advice to a student. Information Systems Journal, 16(4), 383–389. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2575.2006.00223.x
Mumford, E., & Weir, M. W. (1979). Computer systems in work design: The ETHICS method: Effective Technical and Human Implementation of Computer System. John Wiley & Sons.
New World Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Crime - New World Encyclopedia. Www.newworldencyclopedia.org; New World Encyclopedia. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/crime
Nietzsche, F. W. (2011). The birth of tragedy. Paw Prints. (Original work published 1872)
Ofokansi, K. C., Arukwe, N. O., Offor, C. R., Chime, S. C., & Eke, P. C. (2021). Motivation for alcohol use and risky behaviors among undergraduate students in southern Nigerian universities. European Journal of Science, Innovation and Technology, 1(6), 28–42. https://ejsit-journal.com/index.php/ejsit/article/view/43
Okonta, M. J., Ubaka, C. M., & Arukwe, N. O. (2013). Student demographics and their effects on risky sexual behaviors and poor condom use pattern in two departments of a Nigerian university. American Journal of Public Health Research, 1(3), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajphr-1-3-2
Oppenheim, L., & Reiner, E. (2009). Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a dead civilization. University Of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1964)
Pennington, K. (1993). The prince and the law, 1200-1600. University of California Press.
Rice, A. K. (2013). Productivity and Social Organization. Routledge.
Skaist, A. J. (1994). The old Babylonian loan contract. Bar-Ilan University Press.
Stranks, J. (2007). Human factors and behavioural safety. Routledge.
Trist, E. L. (1981). The evolution of socio-technical systems: A conceptual framework and an action research program. Ontario Quality of Working Life Centre.
Trist, E. L., & Bamforth, K. W. (1951). Some social and psychological consequences of the Longwall Method of coal-getting. Human Relations, 4(1), 3–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675100400101
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna. (2006). Policiny: Police information and intelligence systems criminal justice assessment toolkit (pp. 1–25). United Nations. https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/cjat_eng/4_Police_Information_Intelligence_Systems.pdf
University of Namibia. (2021, November 11). Natural Law. Coursehero.com; Course Hero. https://www.coursehero.com/file/116108522/natural-lawdocx/
Vinogradoff, P. (2017). Roman law in medieval Europe. Trieste Publishing.
Williams, C. (1987). Destruction of Black civilization: Great issues of a race from 4500 B.C. to 2000 A.D. Third World Press.
Winter, S., Berente, N., Howison, J., & Butler, B. (2014). Beyond the organizational “container”: Conceptualizing 21st century sociotechnical work. Information and Organization, 24(4), 250–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2014.10.003
Published
2023-10-12
How to Cite
Ofokansi, K. C., Arukwe, N. O., Kalu, J. O., Offor, C. R., & Eke, P. C. (2023). Employing Sociotechnical System for Organization Development: Developing a Crime Statistics Database for Nigerian Law Enforcement Organizations. European Journal of Science, Innovation and Technology, 3(4), 491-514. Retrieved from https://ejsit-journal.com/index.php/ejsit/article/view/276
Issue
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2023 Kenneth Chibuzor Ofokansi, Nnanna Onuoha Arukwe, Jolly Orji Kalu, Chika Raphael Offor, Precious Chiamaka Eke
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
ISSN 
