Risk Management Strategies in Global Supply Chains of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients

Nataliia Koval — Sun, 22 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

The article examines risk management strategies in global supply chains of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), which underpin the availability and affordability of generic and branded medicines. The study addresses the growing instability in API sourcing caused by the geographical concentration of production, geopolitical tensions, regulatory heterogeneity, and recurrent quality failures. The research objective is to systematise vulnerabilities in API supply chains and to evaluate managerial and policy tools that strengthen resilience without undermining cost efficiency. The work relies on a structured review of recent empirical and analytical studies on pharmaceutical supply chains, complemented by a comparative analysis of regulatory and industrial initiatives. Special attention is paid to risk assessment frameworks, resilience and criticality metrics, and strategic options such as diversification, reshoring, strategic stockpiling, and collaborative governance. The conclusions highlight combinations of operational and institutional measures that reduce the probability and impact of disruptions. The article is intended for scholars and practitioners in pharmaceutical management, health economics, supply chain governance, and quality systems, as well as regulators designing interventions for strategically significant medicines.

A Proposed Manila-Batangas By-pass Road Development Model Plan: Enhancing the Socio-Spatial Interaction and Urbanization of New By-pass Roads

Ar. Kyle Irvin Dimaano — Sun, 22 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0200

Urban by-pass roads reduce congestion but often trigger fragmented growth, land-use conflicts, and socio-spatial disconnection. This study evaluates the Manila–Batangas by-pass corridor to determine how infrastructure influences spatial interaction, urban form, and development control. A mixed-method approach was applied, combining household surveys, focus group discussions, key personnel interviews, spatial mapping, and traffic volume analysis. Results indicate that improved accessibility stimulates economic activity and mobility but accelerates linear sprawl and uneven land conversion without coordinated zoning. Stakeholders emphasized the need for integrated corridor planning, growth node management, environmental safeguards, and multimodal accessibility. Guided by growth pole and corridor development frameworks, the study proposes policy-oriented land-use strategies that promote compact development, balanced node distribution, and protection of open spaces. The findings support the use of by-pass corridors as structured urban growth tools rather than passive transport infrastructure, offering a transferable planning model for emerging urban regions.

European Journal of Science, Innovation and Technology

Risk Management Strategies in Global Supply Chains of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients

A Proposed Manila-Batangas By-pass Road Development Model Plan: Enhancing the Socio-Spatial Interaction and Urbanization of New By-pass Roads